From the Telegraph:

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Albert Hofmann
Last Updated: 2:07AM BST 30/04/2008
Albert Hofmann, who died on Tuesday aged 102, synthesised lysergic
acid diethylamide (LSD) in 1938 and became the first person in the
world to experience a full-blown acid trip.

Albert Hofmann
The day, April 19 1943, became known among aficionados as “Bicycle
Day” as it was while cycling home from his laboratory that he
experienced the most intense symptoms.

Hofmann was working as a research chemist in the laboratory of the
Sandoz Company (now Novartis) in Basel, Switzerland, where he was
involved in studying the medicinal properties of plants. This
eventually led to the study of the alkaloid compounds of ergot, a
fungus which forms on rye.

In the Middle Ages, ergot was implicated in period outbreaks of mass
poisonings, producing symptoms in two characteristic forms, one
gangrenous (ergotismus gangraenosus) and the other convulsive
(ergotismus convulsivus).

Popular names such as “mal des ardents,” “ignis sacer,” “heiliges
Feuer,” or “St Anthony’s fire” — refer to the gangrenous form of the
disease.

Hofmann’s studies led to many new discoveries such as Hydergine, a
medicament for improvement of circulation and cerebral function and
Dihydergot, a circulation and blood pressure stabilising medicine.

His interest in synthesising LSD was stimulated at first by the hope
that it might also be useful as a circulatory and respiratory
stimulant.

But when his molecule, known as LSD-25, was tested on animals, no
interesting effects were observed, though the research notes recorded
that the beasts became “restless” during narcosis. The substance was
dismissed as of no interest and dropped from Sandoz’s research
programme.

But five years later, acting on some intuition, Hofmann decided to
resynthesise LSD. In his autobiography, LSD, My Problem Child (1979),
he recalled that in the final stage of the synthesis, he was
interrupted by some unusual sensations.

In a note to the laboratory’s director, he reported “a remarkable
restlessness, combined with a slight dizziness. At home I lay down and
sank into a not unpleasant intoxicated-like condition, characterized
by an extremely stimulated imagination.

"In a dreamlike state, with eyes closed, I perceived an uninterrupted
stream of fantastic pictures, extraordinary shapes with intense,
kaleidoscopic play of colours. After some two hours this condition
faded away.”

Hofmann concluded that he must have accidentally breathed in or
ingested some laboratory material and assumed LSD was the cause. To
test the theory he waited until the next working day, Monday April 19
1943, and tried again, swallowing 0.25 of a milligram.

Forty minutes later, his laboratory journal recorded “dizziness,
feeling of anxiety, visual distortions, symptoms of paralysis, desire
to laugh”.

Unable to write any more, he asked his assistant to take him home by
bicycle. “On the way home, my condition began to assume threatening
forms.

"Everything in my field of vision wavered and was distorted as if seen
in a curved mirror. I also had the sensation of being unable to move
from the spot. Nevertheless, my assistant later told me that we had
travelled very rapidly.”

Back home, when a friendly neighbour brought round some milk, he
perceived her as a “malevolent, insidious witch” wearing “a lurid
mask”. After six hours of highs and lows, the effects subsided.

Sandoz, keen to make a profit from Hofman’s discovery, gave the new
substance the trade name Delysid and began sending samples out to
psychiatric researchers.

By 1965 more than 2,000 papers had been published offering hope for a
range of conditions from drug and alcohol addiction to mental
illnesses of various sorts.

But the fact that it was cheap and easy to make left it open to abuse
and from the late 1950s onwards, promoted by Dr Timothy Leary and
others, LSD became the recreational drug of choice for alienated
western youth.

An outbreak of moral panic, combined with a number of accidents
involving people jumping to their deaths off high buildings thinking
they could fly, led governments around the world to ban LSD.

Research also showed that the drug taken in high doses and in
inappropriate settings, often caused panic reactions. For certain
individuals, a bad trip seemed to be the trigger for full-blown
psychosis.

Hofmann was disappointed when his discovery was removed from
commercial distribution. He remained convinced that the drug had the
potential to counter the psychological problems induced by
“materialism, alienation from nature through industrialisation and
increasing urbanisation, lack of satisfaction in professional
employment in a mechanised, lifeless working world, ennui and
purposelessness in wealthy, saturated society, and lack of a
religious, nurturing, and meaningful philosophical foundation of
life”.

Albert Hofmann was born at Baden, Switzerland, on January 11 1906, the
elder of two children. Having graduated from Zürich University with a
degree in chemistry in 1929 he took a doctorate on the gastro-
intestinal juice of the vineyard snail.

After leaving university, he went to work for Sandoz Pharmaceuticals
where he researched the medicinal properties of the Mediterranean
squill (Scilla maritima), before moving on to the study of Claviceps
purpurea (ergot).

As a result of the use of LSD as a recreational drug Sandoz found
itself bombarded with demands for information from regulatory bodies
along with demands for statements after accidents, poisonings,
criminal acts and so forth from the press. For scientists unaccustomed
to the glare of publicity, it became a headache.

“I would rather you hadn’t discovered LSD,” Hofmann’s managing
director told him. In the end the decision was taken to stop all
further production.

Hofmann laid some of the blame at the door of Dr Timothy Leary. In his
autobiography, he described meeting Leary in 1971 in the railway
station snack bar in Lausanne.

Hofmann began by voicing his regret that Leary’s experiments had
effectively killed off academic research into LSD and took Leary to
task for encouraging its recreational use among young people. Leary
was unabashed.

“He maintained that I was unjustified in reproaching him for the
seduction of immature persons to drug consumption,” Hofmann recalled,
on the ground that American teenagers “with regard to information and
life experience, were comparable to adult Europeans” and able to make
up their own minds.

Hofmann continued to work at Sandoz until 1971 when he retired as
Director of Research for the Department of Natural Products.

In addition to his discovery of LSD, he was also the first to
synthesize psilocybin (the active constituent of “magic mushrooms”) in
1958.

He also discovered the hallucinogenic principles of Ololiuqui (Morning
Glory), lysergic acid amide and lysergic acid hydroxyethylamide.

In retirement, Hofmann served as a member of the Nobel Prize
Committee. He was a Fellow of the World Academy of Sciences, and a
Member of the International Society of Plant Research and of the
American Society of Pharmacognosy.

In 1988 the Albert Hofmann Foundation was established “to assemble and
maintain an international library and archive devoted to the study of
human consciousness and related fields.”

He disapproved of the appropriation of LSD by the youth movements of
the 1960s, but regretted that its potential uses had not been
explored. He had been due to speak at the World Psychedelic Forum in
March, but ill health prevented him from attending.

Albert Hofmann was married and had three children.
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