How Old Do Evolutionists Say the Universe Is? 3

New and sophisticated light-gathering instruments have enabled
astronomers to discover heavy elements in many extremely distant
galaxies (5) and quasars (6). One such galaxy has a quasar at its
center (7). If the speed of light has been constant, its light has
taken 94% of the age of the universe to reach us. This means that only
the first 6% of the age of the universe would have been available for
events a–c above. (Only 0.8 b.y. would be available in a 13.7-b.y.-old
universe.) Few astronomers believe that such slow processes as a–c
above, if they happened at all, could happen in 0.8 b.y. (8).

5.	James Glanz, “CO in the Early Universe Clouds Cosmologists’ Views,”Science, Vol. 273, 2 August 1996, p. 581.

“The presence of these [25] elements, particularly those heavier than
iron, in such a young [distant] galaxy is striking. Fundamentally, it
seems to indicate that in the galaxies (or at least in this galaxy)
that formed relatively shortly after the Big Bang, the onset of star
formation and related element production was very rapid.” John Cowan,
“Elements of Surprise,” Nature, Vol. 423, 1 May 2003, p. 29.

Jason X. Prochaska et al., “The Elemental Abundance Pattern in a
Galaxy at z=2.626,” Nature, Vol. 423, 1 May 2003, pp. 57–59.

6.	“According to standard models [all based on the big bang theory],
the first stars needed at least 500 million years to begin lighting up
and another 700 million to 1 billion years to manufacture heavy
elements such as iron and spread them through space. [Wolfram]
Freudling therefore expected that gas around the quasars, which were
shining when the universe was just 900 million years old, would be
metal-free. [Astronomers call the hundred or so heavier chemical
elements “metals.”] Instead, he and his colleagues found the quasars
are surrounded by copious amounts of iron.” Kathy A. Svitil, “Signs of
Primordial Star Ignition Detected,” Discover, January 2004, p. 66.

“... quasar environments are metal rich at all red shifts.” F. Hamann
et al., “Quasar Elemental Abundances and Host Galaxy Evolution,”
Origin and Evolution of the Elements, Vol. 4, editors A. McWilliam and
M. Rauch (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p.
12.

Ohta et al., “Detection of Molecular Gas in the Quasar BR 1202-0725 at
Redshift z = 4.69,” Nature, Vol. 382, 1 August 1996, pp. 426–431.

“First, the chemical composition of quasars hints at early
enrichments, indicative of star formation. Emission lines in the
quasar spectrum can be used to measure their abundance of heavy
elements, or ‘metallicity.’ Luminous, high-redshift quasars have
roughly solar or higher metallicity, even at redshifts > 6, indicating
that they existed in a metal-rich environment similar to that found in
the centers of massive galaxies.” Xiaohui Fan, “Black Holes at the
Cosmic Dawn,” Science, Vol. 300, 2 May 2003, p. 752.

7.	Fabian Walter et al., “Molecular Gas in the Host Galaxy of a Quasar
at Redshift z=6.42,” Nature, Vol. 424, 24 July 2003, pp. 406–408.

8.	Jeff Kanipe, “Galaxies at the Confusion Limit,” Astronomy, December
1988, pp. 56–58.

R. F. Carswell, “Distant Galaxy Observed,” Nature, Vol. 335, 8
September 1988, p. 119.

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