Intelligence and religious beliefs - statistics
The following is a review of several studies of IQ and religiosity,
parts of this page are paraphrased and summarized by Jim Tims, from
Burnham Beckwith's article, "The Effect of Intelligence on Religious
Faith," Free Inquiry, Spring 1986.

STUDIES OF STUDENTS


1. Thomas Howells, 1927
Study of 461 students showed religiously conservative students "are,
in
general, relatively inferior in intellectual ability."


2. Hilding Carlsojn, 1933
Study of 215 students showed that "there is a tendency for the more
intelligent undergraduate to be sympathetic toward=3F atheism."


3. Abraham Franzblau, 1934
Confirming Howells and Carlson, tested 354 Jewish children, aged
10-16.
Found a negative correlation between religiosity and IQ as measured
by
the Terman intelligence test.


4. Thomas Symington, 1935
Tested 400 young people in colleges and church groups. He reported,
"There is a constant positive relation in all the groups between
liberal
religious thinking and mental ability=3F There is also a constant
positive
relation between liberal scores and intelligence=3F"


5. Vernon Jones, 1938
Tested 381 students, concluding "a slight tendency for intelligence
and
liberal attitudes to go together."


6. A. R. Gilliland, 1940
At variance with all other studies, found "little or no relationship
between intelligence and attitude toward god."


7. Donald Gragg, 1942
Reported an inverse correlation between 100 ACE freshman test scores
and
Thurstone "reality of god" scores.


8. Brown and Love, 1951
At the University of Denver, tested 613 male and female students. The
mean test scores of non-believers was 119 points, and for believers
it
was 100. The non-believers ranked in the 80th percentile, and
believers
in the 50th. Their findings "strongly corroborate those of Howells."


9. Michael Argyle, 1958
Concluded that "although intelligent children grasp religious
concepts
earlier, they are also the first to doubt the truth of religion, and
intelligent students are much less likely to accept orthodox
beliefs."


10. Jeffrey Hadden, 1963
Found no correlation between intelligence and grades. This was an
anomalous finding, since GPA corresponds closely with intelligence.
Other factors may have influenced the results at the University of
Wisconsin.


11. Young, Dustin and Holtzman, 1966
Average religiosity decreased as GPA rose.


12. James Trent, 1967
Polled 1400 college seniors. Found little difference, but high-
ability
students in his sample group were over-represented.


13. C. Plant and E. Minium, 1967
The more intelligent students were less religious, both before
entering
college and after 2 years of college.


14. Robert Wuthnow, 1978
Of 532 students, 37 percent of Christians, 58 percent of apostates,
and
53 percent of non-religious scored above average on SATs.


15. Hastings and Hoge, 1967, 1974
Polled 200 college students and found no significant correlations.


16. Norman Poythress, 1975
Mean SATs for strongly antireligious (1148), moderately anti-
religious
(1119), slightly antireligious (1108), and religious (1022).


17. Wiebe and Fleck, 1980
Studied 158 male and female Canadian university students. They
reported
"nonreligious S's tended to be strongly intelligent" and "more
intelligent than religious S's."


Others :


Pratt (1937) among 3040 students at regional state college, taking
denomenational affiliation as sign of religiocity, "found that non-
affiliates recorded lower mean scores on the American council
Examination than any students affiliated to any denomenational
group."


Francis (1979)(using fequency of prayer and chruch attendence) 2272
school children between 9-11,"found no relationship between school
assigned IQ's and religious behavior after controling for paternal
social class."


Francis'('86 replication) findings replicated in second study among
6955
students.


STUDENT BODY COMPARISONS


1. Rose Goldsen, 1952
Percentage of students who believe in a divine god: Harvard 30; UCLA
32;
Dartmouth 35; Yale 36; Cornell 42; Wayne 43; Weslyan 43; Michigan 45;
Fisk 60; Texas 62; North Carolina 68.


2. National Review Study, 1970
Percentage of students who believe in a Spirit or Divine God: Reed
15;
Brandeis 25; Sarah Lawrence 28; Williams 36; Stanford 41; Boston U.
41;
Yale 42; Howard 47; Indiana 57; Davidson 59; S. Carolina 65;
Marquette
77.
[Marquette is a religious school]


3. Caplovitz and Sherrow, 1977
Apostasy rates rose continuously from 5 percent in "low" ranked
schools
to 17 percent in "high" ranked schools.


4. Niemi, Ross, and Alexander, 1978
In elite schools, organized religion was judged important by only 26
percent of their students, compared with 44 percent of all students.


STUDIES OF VERY-HIGH IQ GROUPS


1. Terman, 1959
Studied group with IQ's over 140. Of men, 10 percent held strong
religious belief, of women 18 percent. Sixty-two percent of men and
57
percent of women claimed "little religious inclination" while 28
percent
of the men and 23 percent of the women claimed it was "not at all
important."


2. Warren and Heist, 1960
Found no differences among National Merit Scholars. Results may have
been effected by the fact that NM scholars are not selected on the
basis
of intelligence or grades alone, but also on "leadership" and such
like.


3. Southern and Plant, 1968
Studied 42 male and 30 female members of Mensa. Mensa members were
much
less religious in belief than the typical American college alumnus or
adult.


STUDIES Of SCIENTISTS


1. William S. Ament, 1927
C. C. Little, president of the University of Michigan, checked
persons
listed in Who's Who in America: "Unitarians, Episcopalians,
Congregationalists, Universalists, and Presbyterians [who are less
religious] are=3F far more numerous in Who's Who than would be
expected on
the basis of the population which they form. Baptists, Methodists,
and
Catholics are distinctly less numerous."


Ament confirmed Little's conclusion. He noted that Unitarians, the
least
religious, were more than 40 times as numerous in Who's Who as in the
U.S. population.


2. Lehman and Witty, 1931
Identified 1189 scientists found in both Who's Who (1927) and
American
Men of Science (1927). Only 25 percent of those listed in the latter
and
50 percent of those in the former reported their religious
denomination,
despite the specific request to do so, under the heading of
"religious
denomination (if any)." Well over 90 percent of the general
population
claims religious affiliation. The figure of 25 percent suggests far
less
religiosity among scientists.


Unitarians were 81.4 times as numerous among eminent scientists as
non-
Unitarians.


3. Kelley and Fisk, 1951
Found a negative (-.39) correlation between the strength of religious
values and research competence. [How these were measured is unknown.]


4. Ann Roe, 1953
Interviewed 64 "eminent scientists, nearly all members of the
prestigious National Academy of Sciences or the American
Philosophical
Society. She reported that, while nearly all of them had religious
parents and had attended Sunday school, 'now only three of these men
are
seriously active in church. A few others attend upon occasion, or
even
give some financial support to a church which they do not attend=3F
All
the others have long since dismissed religion as any guide to them,
and
the church plays no part in their lives=3F A few are militantly
atheistic,
but most are just not interested.'"


5. Francis Bello, 1954
Interviewed or questionnaired 107 nonindustrial scientists under the
age
of 40 judged by senior colleagues to be outstanding. Of the 87
responses, 45 percent claimed to be "agnostic or atheistic" and an
additional 22 percent claimed no religious affiliation. For 20 most
eminent, "the proportion who are now a-religious is considerably
higher
than in the entire survey group."


6. Jack Chambers, 1964
Questionnaired 740 US psychologists and chemists. He reported, "The
highly creative men=3F significantly more often show either no
preference
for a particular religion or little or no interest in religion."
Found
that the most eminent psychologists showed 40 percent no preference,
16
percent for the most eminent chemists

On May 8, 10:24 am, Ken  wrote:
> Intelligence and religious beliefs - statistics
> The following is a review of several studies of IQ and religiosity,
> parts of this page are paraphrased and summarized by Jim Tims, from
> Burnham Beckwith's article, "The Effect of Intelligence on Religious
> Faith," Free Inquiry, Spring 1986.
>
> STUDIES OF STUDENTS
>
> 1. Thomas Howells, 1927
> Study of 461 students showed religiously conservative students "are,
> in
> general, relatively inferior in intellectual ability."
>
> 2. Hilding Carlsojn, 1933
> Study of 215 students showed that "there is a tendency for the more
> intelligent undergraduate to be sympathetic toward=3F atheism."
>
> 3. Abraham Franzblau, 1934
> Confirming Howells and Carlson, tested 354 Jewish children, aged
> 10-16.
> Found a negative correlation between religiosity and IQ as measured
> by
> the Terman intelligence test.
>
> 4. Thomas Symington, 1935
> Tested 400 young people in colleges and church groups. He reported,
> "There is a constant positive relation in all the groups between
> liberal
> religious thinking and mental ability=3F There is also a constant
> positive
> relation between liberal scores and intelligence=3F"
>
> 5. Vernon Jones, 1938
> Tested 381 students, concluding "a slight tendency for intelligence
> and
> liberal attitudes to go together."
>
> 6. A. R. Gilliland, 1940
> At variance with all other studies, found "little or no relationship
> between intelligence and attitude toward god."
>
> 7. Donald Gragg, 1942
> Reported an inverse correlation between 100 ACE freshman test scores
> and
> Thurstone "reality of god" scores.
>
> 8. Brown and Love, 1951
> At the University of Denver, tested 613 male and female students. The
> mean test scores of non-believers was 119 points, and for believers
> it
> was 100. The non-believers ranked in the 80th percentile, and
> believers
> in the 50th. Their findings "strongly corroborate those of Howells."
>
> 9. Michael Argyle, 1958
> Concluded that "although intelligent children grasp religious
> concepts
> earlier, they are also the first to doubt the truth of religion, and
> intelligent students are much less likely to accept orthodox
> beliefs."
>
> 10. Jeffrey Hadden, 1963
> Found no correlation between intelligence and grades. This was an
> anomalous finding, since GPA corresponds closely with intelligence.
> Other factors may have influenced the results at the University of
> Wisconsin.
>
> 11. Young, Dustin and Holtzman, 1966
> Average religiosity decreased as GPA rose.
>
> 12. James Trent, 1967
> Polled 1400 college seniors. Found little difference, but high-
> ability
> students in his sample group were over-represented.
>
> 13. C. Plant and E. Minium, 1967
> The more intelligent students were less religious, both before
> entering
> college and after 2 years of college.
>
> 14. Robert Wuthnow, 1978
> Of 532 students, 37 percent of Christians, 58 percent of apostates,
> and
> 53 percent of non-religious scored above average on SATs.
>
> 15. Hastings and Hoge, 1967, 1974
> Polled 200 college students and found no significant correlations.
>
> 16. Norman Poythress, 1975
> Mean SATs for strongly antireligious (1148), moderately anti-
> religious
> (1119), slightly antireligious (1108), and religious (1022).
>
> 17. Wiebe and Fleck, 1980
> Studied 158 male and female Canadian university students. They
> reported
> "nonreligious S's tended to be strongly intelligent" and "more
> intelligent than religious S's."
>
> Others :
>
> Pratt (1937) among 3040 students at regional state college, taking
> denomenational affiliation as sign of religiocity, "found that non-
> affiliates recorded lower mean scores on the American council
> Examination than any students affiliated to any denomenational
> group."
>
> Francis (1979)(using fequency of prayer and chruch attendence) 2272
> school children between 9-11,"found no relationship between school
> assigned IQ's and religious behavior after controling for paternal
> social class."
>
> Francis'('86 replication) findings replicated in second study among
> 6955
> students.
>
> STUDENT BODY COMPARISONS
>
> 1. Rose Goldsen, 1952
> Percentage of students who believe in a divine god: Harvard 30; UCLA
> 32;
> Dartmouth 35; Yale 36; Cornell 42; Wayne 43; Weslyan 43; Michigan 45;
> Fisk 60; Texas 62; North Carolina 68.
>
> 2. National Review Study, 1970
> Percentage of students who believe in a Spirit or Divine God: Reed
> 15;
> Brandeis 25; Sarah Lawrence 28; Williams 36; Stanford 41; Boston U.
> 41;
> Yale 42; Howard 47; Indiana 57; Davidson 59; S. Carolina 65;
> Marquette
> 77.
> [Marquette is a religious school]
>
> 3. Caplovitz and Sherrow, 1977
> Apostasy rates rose continuously from 5 percent in "low" ranked
> schools
> to 17 percent in "high" ranked schools.
>
> 4. Niemi, Ross, and Alexander, 1978
> In elite schools, organized religion was judged important by only 26
> percent of their students, compared with 44 percent of all students.
>
> STUDIES OF VERY-HIGH IQ GROUPS
>
> 1. Terman, 1959
> Studied group with IQ's over 140. Of men, 10 percent held strong
> religious belief, of women 18 percent. Sixty-two percent of men and
> 57
> percent of women claimed "little religious inclination" while 28
> percent
> of the men and 23 percent of the women claimed it was "not at all
> important."
>
> 2. Warren and Heist, 1960
> Found no differences among National Merit Scholars. Results may have
> been effected by the fact that NM scholars are not selected on the
> basis
> of intelligence or grades alone, but also on "leadership" and such
> like.
>
> 3. Southern and Plant, 1968
> Studied 42 male and 30 female members of Mensa. Mensa members were
> much
> less religious in belief than the typical American college alumnus or
> adult.
>
> STUDIES Of SCIENTISTS
>
> 1. William S. Ament, 1927
> C. C. Little, president of the University of Michigan, checked
> persons
> listed in Who's Who in America: "Unitarians, Episcopalians,
> Congregationalists, Universalists, and Presbyterians [who are less
> religious] are=3F far more numerous in Who's Who than would be
> expected on
> the basis of the population which they form. Baptists, Methodists,
> and
> Catholics are distinctly less numerous."
>
> Ament confirmed Little's conclusion. He noted that Unitarians, the
> least
> religious, were more than 40 times as numerous in Who's Who as in the
> U.S. population.
>
> 2. Lehman and Witty, 1931
> Identified 1189 scientists found in both Who's Who (1927) and
> American
> Men of Science (1927). Only 25 percent of those listed in the latter
> and
> 50 percent of those in the former reported their religious
> denomination,
> despite the specific request to do so, under the heading of
> "religious
> denomination (if any)." Well over 90 percent of the general
> population
> claims religious affiliation. The figure of 25 percent suggests far
> less
> religiosity among scientists.
>
> Unitarians were 81.4 times as numerous among eminent scientists as
> non-
> Unitarians.
>
> 3. Kelley and Fisk, 1951
> Found a negative (-.39) correlation between the strength of religious
> values and research competence. [How these were measured is unknown.]
>
> 4. Ann Roe, 1953
> Interviewed 64 "eminent scientists, nearly all members of the
> prestigious National Academy of Sciences or the American
> Philosophical
> Society. She reported that, while nearly all of them had religious
> parents and had attended Sunday school, 'now only three of these men
> are
> seriously active in church. A few others attend upon occasion, or
> even
> give some financial support to a church which they do not attend=3F
> All
> the others have long since dismissed religion as any guide to them,
> and
> the church plays no part in their lives=3F A few are militantly
> atheistic,
> but most are just not interested.'"
>
> 5. Francis Bello, 1954
> Interviewed or questionnaired 107 nonindustrial scientists under the
> age
> of 40 judged by senior colleagues to be outstanding. Of the 87
> responses, 45 percent claimed to be "agnostic or atheistic" and an
> additional 22 percent claimed no religious affiliation. For 20 most
> eminent, "the proportion who are now a-religious is considerably
> higher
> than in the entire survey group."
>
> 6. Jack Chambers, 1964
>udy Questionnaired 740 US psychologists and chemists. He reported, "The
> highly creative men=3F significantly more often show either no
> preference
> for a particular religion or little or no interest in religion."
> Found
> that the most eminent psychologists showed 40 percent no preference,
> 16
> percent for the most eminent chemists

REPLY: Every person who is alive and who has ever lived,  has a
Religion they follow.  So this 'Study' is null and void right from the
start .

On May 9, 11:55 am, Trolling webtv fuckhead dimwit dave wrote that
he's SOOOO much smarter and righter than every other person living or
dead on this planet

FOAD